Latest documents

Summary : This At a glance note summarises the study Tproviding information on the current and potential impact of the gas supply crisis on the Just Transition Plans (JTPs). The evidence is based on the analysis of EU gas and energy supply dependencies, trade linkages with Russia, the general EU’s policy framework, Just Transition Mechanism (JTM), REPowerEU plan and the investigation of six case studies. It concludes with specified policy recommendations reflecting the implemen tation of the JTM, the JTPs in the light of risks of the energy crisis.

Authors : Kinga HAT, Marvin BÖHNKE, Erich DALLHAMMER, Roland GAUGITSCH, Chien-Hui HSIUNG, Isabella MESSINGER, Michele ALESSANDRINI, Elena IACOBUCCI, François LEVARLET, Tullio BUCCELLATO

Summary : The current situation in Ukraine has led to severe supply chain disruptions, contributing to a sharp increase in food and commodity prices globally and the limitation of fossil fuel imports from Russia to the EU. Moreover, to end Europe's dependence on semiconductor suppliers from Asian countries, it is necessary to take immediate action of a structural nature, involving all EU Member States and all participants in regional supply markets. The overall aim of this study was to identify drivers of and barriers to building up open strategic autonomy at EU level, before recommending coordinated solutions and addressing supply chain resilience in four critical areas: food security, energy security, semiconductors and satellite communications. This research seeks to contribute to the European Parliament's future work by providing insights into how to protect the European agricultural sector, ensure energy security and the technological sovereignty of semiconductor production, and improve satellite communications.

Authors : DG, EPRS

Summary : As the first EU act specifically regulating the EU's CRM supply, the proposed initiative aims to address an area previously identified as one of the EU's strategic dependencies. Following a clear problem description, the IA presents three (partially overlapping) policy options and a thorough analysis of their possible impacts, with a clear focus on economic impacts. The identification of the preferred policy option appears justified. The predominantly qualitative assessment draws merely on desk research and stakeholder input. In this respect, the IA admits to having 'significant data gaps' and a 'limited' evidence base, owing in part to 'the lack of a supporting study'. With regard to stakeholder input, the IA does not explain why the public consultation was open for only 8 weeks (instead of the default 12). It is notable that the proposed regulation deviates somewhat in scope from the IA: it adds a further specific objective – namely to diversify CRM imports in order to reduce strategic dependencies – and provides for a few measures that were either not assessed at all in the IA, or which were outside the preferred policy option.

Authors : Irmgard ANGLMAYER

Summary : The IA provides a good overview of the problems relating to packaging and packaging waste, and the possible impacts of the various measures proposed to address the problems. In its assessment, which is both qualitative and quantitative, the IA relies on a wealth of data sources and modelling. However, it does not clearly indicate the IA supporting studies and their full references; this would have improved transparency. The IA presents three policy options, which are partially incremental and cannot therefore serve as self-standing alternatives. The IA provides sufficient justification for the preferred option. Broad stakeholder consultations were carried out and the IA presents stakeholders' views, although on individual measures rather than on the three policy options. The description of the monitoring and evaluation plan is rather limited; for example, the operational objectives and the timeframe for the evaluation are not explained. On a technical point, the IA could have made more use of the material from the extensive annexes, for example, to describe the policy options and the third problem in more detail in the main text.

Authors : ULLA-MARI TUOMINEN

Summary : This study explores the main impacts of the smart city transition on our cities and, in particular, on citizens and territories. In our research, we start from an analysis of smart city use cases to identify a set of key challenges, and elaborate on the main accelerating factors that may amplify or contain their impact on particular groups and territories. We then present an account of best practices that can help mitigate or prevent such challenges, and make some general observations on their scalability and replicability. Finally, based on an analysis of EU regulatory frameworks and a mapping of current or upcoming initiatives in the domain of smart city innovation, capacity-building and knowledge capitalisation, we propose six policy options to inform future policy-making at EU level to support a more inclusive smart city transition.

Authors : This study has been written by Agnese Macaluso, Michael Flickenschild, Alessandro Gasparotti, Hidde Wedman and Zinovia Panagiotidou of Ecorys together with Philipp Lämmel and Nikolay Vassilev Tcholtchev of Fraunhofer FOKUS, Trinidad Fernandez of Fraunhofer IAO, Philippe Baudouin of IDATE SAS, and Gaelle Le Gars (independent expert) at the request of the Panel for the Future of Science and Technology (STOA) and managed by the Scientific Foresight Unit, within the Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (EPRS) of the Secretariat of the European Parliament.

Summary : The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments, including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.

Summary : Sodium-Nickel-Chloride (Na-NiCl2) batteries have risen as sustainable energy storage systems based on abundant (Na, Ni, Al) and non-critical raw materials. This study offers a general overview of this technology from its initial conceptualization, along with research and development perspectives and areas of use. Applications are for grid storage mainly due to the temperature of operation (275 – 350 °C). There is no critical issue on patent portfolio as the key IP is in the public domain. In addition, Switzerland is active in this technology with FzSoNick being a producer of commercial Na-NiCl2

Authors : Michel ARMAND, Nagore ORTIZ-VITORIANO, Javier OLARTE, Aloña SALAZAR, Raquel FERRET

Summary : This 'cost of non-Europe' report looks at the potential benefits of efficient, ambitious and united EU-level action in the space sector. The report finds that to enable the European space sector to benefit from open strategic autonomy, and to ensure EU access to and use of space, including for its security, the EU must act decisively. Moving away from fragmentation could bring large benefits, amounting to at least €140 billion per year by 2050.

Authors : ALEKSANDRA HEFLICH, JEROME LEON SAULNIER, CLEMENT THIERRY EVROUX

Summary : This study assesses the needs and vulnerabilities of the EU in accessing Critical Raw Materials needed for the green and digital transitions considering the changed geopolitical context. It identifies at which stage of the supply chain, from raw materials to components, the European industrial eco-system depends on imports. It reviews the criticality assessment methodology to account for the changed geopolitical context and future demand from decarbonisation. Finally, it evaluates the potential of stockpiling and trade policy to address short-term supply disruptions.

Authors : Elmer RIETVELD, Ton BASTEIN, Twan van LEEUWEN, Sara WIECLAWSKA, Noortje BONENKAMP, David PECK, Magdalena KLEBBA, Marie LE MOUEL, Niclas POITIERS

Summary : This study assesses the needs and vulnerabilities of the EU in accessing products containing Critical Raw Materials (CRM) needed for the green and digital transitions in a changing geopolitical context. It provides an overview on the wider situation, as well as a policy context. The study sets out to identify at which stage of the supply chain, ranging from raw materials to final products, the European industrial eco-system is dependent on CRM imports. It reviews the CRM methodology designed by the JRC to identify which materials are critical and require special attention. The current methodology could benefit from an extension of scope, including an assessment of product groups and sectors. A study finds that setting up of EU stockpiling facilities could mitigate supply disruptions of raw materials and components. However, setting up stockpiling facilities would require an effective public-private management.

Authors : Elmer RIETVELD et al., Bruegel-TNO-VVA

Summary : The European Commission plans to launch its revised EU pharmaceutical package in the first quarter of 2023. Ahead of its release, two recent STOA studies offer insight to inform upcoming Parliamentary discussions. Fragmentation of EU health research and development, lack of transparency and a translation gap between public investment and clinical output are among the weaknesses identified. Possible solutions include the creation of large-scale European biomedical infrastructure, and a series of targeted strategies to improve EU health research coordination and reprioritise areas of unmet therapeutic need.

Authors : LUISA ANTUNES

Summary : This research paper provides an assessment of the legislative proposal for “The European Health Data Space”, including linkages with other EU measures and with Member State rules and laws. It also includes recommendations on further steps needed in order to achieve, facilitate and improve health data sharing, exchange and re-use across the EU.

Authors : J. Scott MARCUS, Bertin MARTENS, Christophe CARUGATI, Anne BUCHER, and Ilsa GODLOVITCH

Summary : The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments, including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.

Summary : This research paper provides an assessment of the legislative proposal for “The European Health Data Space”, including linkages with other EU measures and with Member State rules and laws. It also includes recommendations on further steps needed in order to achieve, facilitate and improve health data sharing, exchange and re-use across the EU.

Authors : J. Scott MARCUS, Bertin MARTENS, Christophe CARUGATI, Anne BUCHER, and Ilsa GODLOVITCH

Summary : This study investigates the role of financial actors, such as banks and investors, in the EU Emissions Trading System and their role in determining price dynamics and volatility. It concludes that activities on the market should be further monitored and data availability and quality improved. While further regulation of market participants may become necessary in the future, it is, at this stage, more important to focus on improving the Market Stability Reserve (MSR).

Authors : Johanna Cludius, Hannah Galster, Sean Healy, Viktoria Noka and Long Lam-

Summary : This study investigates the role of financial actors, such as banks and investors, in the EU Emissions Trading System and their role in determining price dynamics and volatility. It concludes that activities on the market should be further monitored and data availability and quality improved. While further regulation of market participants may become necessary in the future, it is, at this stage, more important to focus on improving the Market Stability Reserve (MSR).

Authors : Johanna Cludius, Hannah Galster, Sean Healy, Viktoria Noka and Long Lam-

Summary : This study investigates the revision of the third energy package for gas in light of the current energy crisis. The report presents findings from desk research, interviews and a workshop on the current political context regarding natural gas and hydrogen as well as the role of unbundling rules for gas and hydrogen infrastructure, the development of an EU hydrogen backbone and the issue of ensuring energy supply through gas interconnectors.

Authors : Laura HEIDECKE, Irina KUSTOVA, Michael FLICKENSCHILD, Iris LARMI, Harry VAN TIL, Menno VAN BENTHEM Yoeri DIJKHOF and Nga NGUYEN

Summary : This study investigates the revision of the third energy package for gas in light of the current energy crisis. The report presents findings from desk research, interviews and a workshop on the current political context regarding natural gas and hydrogen as well as the role of unbundling rules for gas and hydrogen infrastructure, the development of an EU hydrogen backbone and the issue of ensuring energy supply through gas interconnectors.

Authors : Laura HEIDECKE, Irina KUSTOVA, Michael FLICKENSCHILD, Iris LARMI, Harry VAN TIL, Menno VAN BENTHEM Yoeri DIJKHOF and Nga NGUYEN

Summary : The COVID 19 pandemic prompted reinforced investment in health research, to support rapid research and innovation for vaccine development and health care measures. The European Union response highlighted strengths and weaknesses in EU research organisation and funding. Over time, EU investment in health research has been aimed at increasing knowledge and transfer of knowledge into innovation, for better health. To this end, several instruments have been developed, but the impact of these efforts is hampered by fragmentation and a lack of synergy between strategies at different levels. Inequalities in health and research across Member States need further measures. Policies can take inspiration from successful health research organisation and policies inside and outside the EU, for more coherence and throughput to implementation. Health research needs strong leadership to engage in global health and to tackle the challenges of the interconnectedness of health with environmental and climate challenges, and durable economic development. Stakeholder involvement in a formal structure will secure permanent dialogue for fruitful research and development.

Authors : DG, EPRS

Summary : On 20 and 21 October 2022, EU Heads of State or Government will meet for a formal European Council dedicated to Ukraine, energy and the economy – three interlinked topics that have been permanently on the European Council agenda since Russia launched its war on Ukraine. EU leaders are expected to condemn Russia's further escalation of the conflict and recent attacks on civilians and infrastructure across Ukraine; condemn the sham referendums in four Ukrainian regions; consider the deepening food crisis; and explore ways to protect critical infrastructure after the Nord Stream pipelines sabotage. On energy, the European Council meeting is expected to agree on new strategic guidelines, with discussion on means of reducing gas prices, price-caps or alternative approaches – an issue on which Member States have diverging views – likely to be rather heated. EU leaders will also discuss climate change and biodiversity protection ahead of the main annual events on these topics led by the United Nations (UN). Moreover, leaders will hold a debate on China and prepare for the December 2022 summit between the EU and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The European Council meeting will open with the traditional exchange of views with the European Parliament's President, Roberta Metsola.

Authors : Suzana Elena ANGHEL

Summary : One language disappears every two weeks, and up to 90 % of existing languages could be gone by the turn of the century. Globalisation, social and economic pressures and political options can determine whether a language survives. Multilingualism is a cornerstone of the European project, with 24 official and 60 minority languages. In a digital era, ensuring digital language equality can help preserve linguistic diversity.

Authors : LUISA ANTUNES

Summary : This document is a compilation of briefings that track the commitments made by the Vice-Presidents and Commissioners to the European Parliament – in their written answers to Parliament’s questions, at their hearings, and, in some cases, in subsequent appearances before Parliament’s committees. The document provides an overview of the state-of-play at the mid-term of the von der Leyen Commission. Since many of these commitments were made, major international crises have shifted some political priorities. The Vice-Presidents’ and Commissioners’ progress on their commitments should be considered in this context.

Summary : This briefing follows up the commitments made by the commissioner since 2019.

Summary : This briefing follows up the commitments made by the commissioner since 2019.

Summary : This briefing follows up the commitments made by the commissioner since 2019.

Summary : This briefing follows up the commitments made by the commissioner since 2019.

Summary : This briefing provides an initial analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the European Commission's impact assessment (IA) accompanying the above-mentioned proposal, adopted on 15 February 2022 and referred to the European Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE). The proposal, which is included in the 2022 Commission work programme (see Annex I – New initiatives) and in the EU Legislative Priorities for 2022 (see the Commission's working document), seeks to establish a Union secure satellite communication system. This system would ensure highly secured connectivity and communication to the Union and Member States' governmental entities, also with a view to making sure that the EU remains connected in case of cyber-attacks, or in case of natural disasters leading to the breakdown of terrestrial communication networks (IA, pp. 10-11). In addition, the system would allow for connecting key infrastructure better, supporting crisis management, surveillance and potential mass-market broadband applications, and ensuring the provision of high-speed, flexible and resilient satellite communication services. The proposed regulation sets out the objectives of the programme, the rules governing the envisaged activities and its implementation, its infrastructure and services, the participants, the EU budget for the 2023-2027 period, the forms of Union funding and the rules for providing such funding.

Authors : STEFANO VETTORAZZI

Summary : The rapid growth of genetic databases worldwide, coupled with fast-decreasing costs and the rapid pace of technological change, has increased the possibility of every human genome on Earth being sequenced this century. This raises ethical and legal questions on data privacy and ownership. While a global genetic database would revolutionise preventive medicine and research, new forms of surveillance, discrimination and power imbalances could emerge. The global interplay between the individual, the state and private individuals could shift, requiring modern and flexible legislation to protect the rights of the individual.

Authors : LUISA ANTUNES

Summary : After two negative opinions from the Commission's Regulatory Scrutiny Board and without making adaptations in the IA itself after the second negative opinion, the Commission adjusted its legislative proposal: the legislative framework for new buildings would conform largely to the preferred PO3 ('High ambition I'), while changes for existing buildings would conform broadly to PO2 ('Medium ambition'). The IA analyses the problem, the problem drivers and the likely impacts of the proposed policy options, based on sound research and reliable data. However, although interlinkages with other legislative proposals of the 'fit for 55' legislative package are described, the size of the problem is not fully clear and could have been better explained. The IA draws a clear logic between the problems, the problem drivers and the specific objectives. It provides realistic alternative options. However, the multitude of measures, with varying levels of policy intensity for each of the options, lacks clarity and therefore weakens the IA's ability to inform decision-making effectively. The presentation of the options and the description of the baseline as the 'starting point' for comparison of options is at times unclear, which makes it difficult to follow the reasoning as to why PO3 ('High ambition I') was chosen as the preferred option. Finally, the IA provides a detailed description of the stakeholder consultations. However, the IA presents the views of stakeholder groups (including SMEs) in relation to specific measures rather than to the proposed policy options. It is therefore unclear what support the preferred option of the IA enjoys among stakeholders, in particular SMEs.

Authors : DIETER FRIZBERG

Summary : Industrial pollution is regulated by the EU directive on industrial emissions (IED). It lays down rules designed to prevent, or, if impracticable, to reduce emissions into air, water and land and to prevent the generation of waste, in order to achieve a high level of protection of the environment taken as a whole. The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) ensures public access to data on emissions from major industrial activities. The ex-post evaluations of the directive and the regulation setting the register show they are generally performing well in practice. However, there are implementation issues, including inconsistences between the directive and the register. This briefing presents findings of publicly available sources on the implementation of both pieces of EU law and thus aims at informing their upcoming revision in the context of European Green Deal, in which Parliament will be a co-legislators.

Authors : Ekaterina KARAMFILOVA

Summary : The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments, including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.

Summary : This study provides an analysis of the European space market. The market size and structure of the European space industry is considered, alongside the dynamics of the new space economy. The contribution of the EU space programmes to fostering the uptake of space data, and the challenges and drivers of maximising synergies between the EU upstream and downstream space sectors are examined. The new Space-based Connectivity Initiative is also considered. In addition, recommendations by the Court of Auditors to strengthen the efficacy of the newly-integrated EU Space Programme, and to maximise their economic and societal impacts are considered.

Authors : Mark WHITTLE, Andrew SIKORSKI, James EAGER and Elias NACER

Summary : This study is assessing the European steel industry’s possible decarbonisation pathways in light of the European Commission’s “Fit for 55” package, by evaluating available technology options and the adequacy of available funding streams. The paper shows that options based solely on existing production processes have limited potential to achieve the required emission reductions. Full decarbonisation options will require the widespread availability of green electricity, hydrogen and/or CCS/CCUS infrastructure. It is important that flexibility in the choice of technology decarbonisation options is maintained to account for differences in regional characteristics including natural resources and infrastructure.

Authors : Liliana GUEVARA OPINSKA, Trinomics Marwa MAHMOUD, Trinomics Csinszka BENE, Trinomics Koen RADEMAEKERS, Trinomics

Summary : The IA analyses the nature and scale of the problem, which triggers the revision of the Effort Sharing Regulation. While subsidiarity is suffiicently addressed, the proportionality aspects of the revision are not addressed by the IA. One general and three specific objectives, clearly deriving from the problem, were set up. Three policy options were identified and analysed in detail. The options (and their sub-options) were compared in terms of their potential to achieve the specific objectives, in particular, regarding their scope, environmental integrity, distribution of efforts (in terms of fairness and cost-efficiency) and flexibility offered. The options have been analysed mostly for their environmental, economic and administrative impacts. Stakeholder views are abundently used and transparently referenced throughout the analysis of impact. The IA is based on a solid knowledge base combining the use of qualitative and quantitiave methods.

Authors : Ekaterina KARAMFILOVA

Summary : Decarbonisation of the internal gas market is necessary for attaining the EU's climate target of reducing greenhouse gas emission by 55 % by 2030 and reaching net zero emissions by 2050. The revision of the current Gas Regulation and Gas Directive, adopted in 2009 for the natural gas market, is underpinned by the strategies on energy system integration and on a hydrogen economy. Introduction of renewable and low-carbon gases to the energy system requires a profound transformation of the gas market, as announced in the 2021 Commission work programme and the 'fit for 55' package. Different alliances and common projects bringing together regulators, civil society and stakeholders have quickly emerged to tackle various aspects of this transformation and to open new partnerships. The European Parliament supports the creation of a competitive decarbonised internal energy market. It supports energy efficiency and encourages decarbonisation primarily through direct electrification using renewable sources. However, it also sees a role for renewable-based fuels for hard-to-abate sectors, such as heavy vehicle transport, aviation, steel and the fertiliser industry. In line with other EU institutions, it considers low-carbon gases as an intermediate solution, and underlines the importance of taking into account the diversity of national energy systems.

Authors : Susanna TENHUNEN

Summary : This study provides an analysis of the gaps in EU policies aimed at increasing industrial energy efficiency, an assessment of the ability of the electricity grid to absorb large increases in renewables, and an evaluation of the energy efficiency potential of the Renovation Wave. Links to the proposed Fit for 55 package are also made for all three topics.

Authors : Marwa MAHMOUD, Trinomics Nora CHEIKH, Trinomics Ondrej CERNY, Trinomics Frank GERARD, Trinomics Peter LEMOINE, Trinomics

Summary : O presente estudo fornece uma perspetiva geral independente do panorama da indústria automóvel na UE. Mais especificamente, o estudo avalia as tendências ecológica e digital que estão atualmente a reformular o setor automóvel e fornece recomendações atendendo à adequação e à coerência das medidas atuais e futuras da UE. O presente documento foi elaborado pelo Departamento Temático das Políticas Económicas e Científicas e da Qualidade de Vida, a pedido da Comissão da Indústria, da Investigação e da Energia (ITRE).

Authors : MATTEO CIUCCI, Frederic GOUARDERES

Summary : Decarbonising the energy system requires a fundamental transformation in the way societies provide, transport and consume energy. Disagreement exists over how this system should look in 2050. The large-scale expansion of low-carbon electricity, phase-out of unabated fossil fuels, and widespread direct electrification are uncontroversial. In more controversial areas, like the deployment of hydrogen and synthetic methane, policy should forcefully explore options and be willing to accept and learn from failures. This report discusses concrete policy options for doing so. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

Authors : Georg ZACHMANN et al., Bruegel

Summary : This study on “Europe's digital decade and autonomy” aims to deliver an independent expert opinion and an assessment of the 2030 targets set by the Digital Compass and the overall Commission’s Digital Strategy. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE) to establish an objective view on the progress made in recent years, ongoing actions, and the adequacy of future measures to be taken.

Authors : Cristiano CODAGNONE, Open Evidence Giovanni LIVA, Open Evidence Laura GUNDERSON, Open Evidence Gianluca MISURACA, Inspiring Futures Emanuele REBESCO, Open Evidence

Summary : The European Union's energy system is on a path of transformation that should allow it to achieve a net-zero emissions target by 2050. However, there are many challenges ahead and achieving this target requires making profound structural changes. In this context, the present report, drafted at the request of the European Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE), looks at what the consequences would be if the EU does not take further ambitious and united action in the transformation of its energy system. The cost of non-Europe in this area is estimated at up to 5.6 % of EU GDP in 2050, and avoiding this will require EU budgetary, regulatory and coordination action. The benefits would be many, including averted environmental costs and damage, and more sustainable and prosperous societies emerging as a result of a just and fair transition.

Authors : ALEKSANDRA HEFLICH, JEROME LEON SAULNIER

Summary : This study provides an independent overview of the automotive industrial landscape in the EU. Specifically, the study assesses green and digital trends currently reshaping the automotive sector and provides recommendations considering the adequacy and consistency of ongoing and future EU actions. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

Authors : David BROWN, Michael FLICKENSCHILD, Caio MAZZI, Alessandro GASPAROTTI, Zinovia PANAGIOTIDOU, Juna DINGEMANSE and Stefan BRATZEL

Summary : These proceedings summarise the discussions that took place during the ITRE workshop held on June 17th, 2021, aimed to analyse the existing gender gaps in the digital sector. It was structured in three sessions, each consisting of two presentations, and a final Q&A round. Stereotypes hindering a greater participation of women in the digital sector, the role of women in the digital entrepreneurship ecosystem and the current situation of women in the Artificial Intelligence industry were addressed.

Authors : Juan Pablo VILLAR; Julio BLAZQUEZ; Carlota TARIN

Summary : The IA underpinning the proposal on the EU partnership on metrology is based on solid sources. The relatively narrow range of options is pre-determined by the Horizon Europe provisions, and the mostly qualitative and comparative assessment gravitates early on towards the preferred option. While subsidiarity, competitiveness and coherence with the overarching political priorities are consistently addressed, the consideration of benefits and costs of the options could have been more complete and precise. The role of the actors in the metrology ‘value chain’ under both the current and the future scheme could have been better explained. The IA does not include budgetary implications nor effects of the Covid-19 pandemic (justified by the ongoing negotiations at the time of drafting the IA), nor does it assess certain novelties of the Horizon Europe partnerships, such as additionally and directionality.

Authors : Esther KRAMER

Summary : This briefing finds that the Commission's impact assessment (IA) accompanying the regulation proposal (recast) on roaming is based on sound data and broad stakeholder consultations. Besides qualitative assessment, the IA presents also quantified estimates. The REFIT cost savings are only partially quantified. Further explanations would have benefited the analysis in the comparison of policy options.

Authors : ULLA-MARI TUOMINEN

Summary : This briefing provides an initial analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the European Commission's impact assessment (IA) accompanying the above-mentioned proposal, adopted on 15 December 2020 and referred to Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE). The proposal seeks to amend Regulation (EU) No 347/2013 on guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure (TEN E) with a view to ensure that the existing framework is consistent with, and contributes to, the new 2030 EU climate target, set out in COM(2020) 562, commonly known as the 2030 EU climate target plan, with the ultimate objective of achieving an economy with net-zero greenhouse gas emissions (i.e. climate neutrality) by 2050, and in line with the Commission communication on the European Green Deal, COM(2019) 640.

Authors : STEFANO VETTORAZZI

Summary : The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments, including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.

Summary : “Agreements concluded by the Union are binding upon the institutions of the Union and on its Member States.” (Article 216(2) TFEU). According to the Case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), International law takes precedence over (secondary) EU law: “It should also be pointed out that, by virtue of Article 216(2) TFEU, where international agreements are concluded by the European Union they are binding upon its institutions and, consequently, they prevail over acts of the European Union (see, to this effect, Case C‑61/94 Commission v Germany [1996] ECR I‑3989, paragraph 52; Case C‑311/04 Algemene Scheeps Agentuur Dordrecht [2006] ECR I‑609, paragraph 25; Case C‑308/06 Intertanko and Others [2008] ECR I‑4057, paragraph 42; and Joined Cases C‑402/05 P and C‑415/05 P Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission [2008] ECR I‑6351, paragraph 307)” . Arguably, acts adopted by bodies established by the EU-UK TCA could also enjoy primacy: “7 It follows [...] that decisions of the EEC-Turkey Association Council are measures adopted by a body provided for by the Agreement and empowered by the Contracting Parties to adopt such measures. 18 In so far as they implement the objectives set by the Agreement, such decisions are directly connected with the Agreement and, as a result of the second sentence of Article 22(1) thereof, have the effect of binding the Contracting Parties. 19 By virtue of the Agreement, the Contracting Parties agreed to be bound by such decisions and if those parties were to withdraw from that commitment, that would constitute a breach of the Agreement itself.

Authors : Andreas Huber at Al.

Summary : The COVID-19 crisis has had a substantial impact on the EU27 economy and triggered unprecedented policy responses across Europe and the globe. With evidence on the effects on the EU industry manifested until the beginning of 2021, this report aims to address the following key issues: (1) impact of COVID-19 on the EU economy as a whole and across sectors; (2) impact on strategic value chains; and (3) necessary recovery measures to meet the needs of the EU industry. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

Authors : Jan Maarten DE VET, Daniel NIGOHOSYAN, Jorge NÚÑEZ FERRER, Ann-Kristin GROSS, Silvia KUEHL, and Michael FLICKENSCHILD

Summary : Directive (EU) 2018/2001 (the Renewable Energy Directive, RED II), established a common framework for the promotion of energy from renewable sources in the EU and set a binding target of 32 % for the overall share of energy from renewable sources in the EU's gross final consumption of energy in 2030. It also established sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions savings criteria for biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels, and laid down rules on financial support to enhance renewable energy usage. The RED II is a recast of Directive 2009/28/EC (RED I), done as part of the 'Clean energy for all Europeans package'. In 2021 the European Commission will review the Directive with the aim to better adjust it to the European Green Deal objectives.

Authors : Anna ZYGIEREWICZ

Summary : The Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) was adopted in 2012 to promote energy efficiency across the EU and to help the EU to reach its (at least) 20 % energy efficiency target by 2020. In 2018, the EED was amended as part of the 'Clean energy for all Europeans package'. The amendments included raising the EU energy efficiency target to (at least) 32.5 %, to be achieved by 2030, among other things. The European Commission plans to submit its proposal for the revision of the EED in June 2021, with the aim of better adjusting the EED to the European Green Deal objectives and an increased climate ambition. Improvements will aim to achieve the objective for Europe to become the first climate-neutral continent, with net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.

Authors : Anna ZYGIEREWICZ

Summary : The Roaming Regulation established the ‘Roam-Like-At-Home’ (RLAH) rule that mandated the end of retail roaming charges as of 15 June 2017 in the EU. The Regulation will be in force until 30 June 2022. In 2021, the European Commission would review the Regulation, assessing its effects and the need to prolong it. The analysis of the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC) shows that a regulatory intervention is still necessary to ensure the EU citizens can continue to benefit of the RLAH rule.

Authors : Anna ZYGIEREWICZ

Summary : The Commission is proposing a European Data Governance Act as the first of a series of measures envisaged in the 2020 European Strategy for Data. This initial appraisal of the Commission’s impact assessment on the proposal finds that the impact assessment traces a clear intervention logic, connecting problems and their drivers with specific objectives and policy options. The IA process appears to provide a reliable assessment underpinned by a mix of reliable qualitative and quantitative data and analysis. It is felt however that the IA as a self-standing document does not do justice to the considerable data collection and analysis effort that seems to be behind it and a true idea of the substantial process undertaken can only be had if the IA is read in conjunction with the underlying support study.

Authors : HUBERT DALLI

Summary : Drawing on the findings of an evaluation of the NIS directive, the IA generally seems to provide a clear and relevant analysis of the shortcomings of the existing NIS Directive and the available policy options for their improvement by a new legal act. It appears that the IA's assumptions are based on a thorough stocktaking exercise involving the consultation of a big number of stakeholders. The IA could however have explained in closer detail practical implications of the proposed initiative. It would have been useful if the IA had provided a fuller impact analysis particularly of potential economic costs and fundamental rights implications, as noted in the RSB opinion. Finally, the range of options assessed is limited to two in addition to the baseline. Given that the final outcome of the assessment is a significant revision of the existing legal framework, one might have expected a more granular formulation of policy options in the IA.

Authors : Vadim KONONENKO

Summary : The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments, including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events. regional development, cohesion policy, COVID19, WTO, budget control, budget, economy, international affairs, international law, Schengen governance, single market, European court of Auditors, energy.

Summary : This study analyses the role, organisational structure, tasks and financial and human resources of the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER). ACER plays an important role in the development, integration and functioning of the electricity and gas systems and markets in the EU, and its responsibilities in these domains have since its establishment in 2011 substantially increased. Although its resources have also significantly grown, ACER is facing a structural budget shortage and had to deprioritise, delay or cancel some tasks in recent years. Collection of fees from 2021 should alleviate these limitations. ACER’s request for a higher budget appears reasonable and appropriate given its important contribution to major energy policy priorities, and the fact that its functioning seems efficient and effective.

Authors : Andrea DEMURTAS, João GORENSTEIN DEDECCA, Luc VAN NUFFEL and Koen RADEMAEKERS.

Summary : This document provides links to all Briefings produced by the Policy Departments of the Directorate-General for Internal Policies and of the Directorate-General for External Policies of the European Parliament, with salient points and essential commitments made by the Vice-Presidents and Commissioners-designates at their respective hearings before the European Parliament, in September-November 2019 and in October 2020. For an exhaustive list of all commitments made and positions taken by the candidates, the full verbatim report of each public hearing is available on the dedicated hearings website of the European Parliament, as are the written questions and answers.

Summary : This briefing summarises the recent measures taken by the European Commission on matters within the remit of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy in response to the urgent and ongoing COVID-19 crisis, while referencing relevant parts of the resolution of the European Parliament of 15 May 2020 on the new multiannual financial framework, own resources and the recovery plan.

Authors : MATTEO CIUCCI, Frederic GOUARDERES

Summary : The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments, including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.

Summary : As EU Member States embark on a cautious de-confinement path, the economy slides into recession and the question of the proportionality of public health-related measures and their economic consequences is increasingly present in the public debate. As long as a vaccine (or an effective treatment) for the Covid-19 disease is not found and deployed, post-Covid-19 societies will have to coexist with the virus, and find an equilibrium between the social constraints resulting from health protecting measures and the need to mitigate as much as possible a huge economic shock, which if not addressed adequately, could have unpredictable social and political consequences. The Covid-19 crisis has shown above all the importance of joint European action. Although public health is primarily the competence of the Member States, the European Parliament has called on the Commission and the Member States to act together and to rise to the challenge and ensure that the Union emerges stronger from this crisis. In particular, a differentiated but coordinated post-lockdown approach in the EU should be ensured, in order to avoid a resurgence of the virus. The present Covid-19 Newsletter focuses on the de-confinement strategies and EU measures to support the economic recovery. An update of ongoing Covid-19 related expertise work for the ECON, EMPL, ENVI, ITRE and IMCO committees is provided at the end of this document.

Authors : AOIFE KENNEDY, Zsuzsanna LAKY, Adolfo BARBERA DEL ROSAL, MATTEO CIUCCI, Christina RATCLIFF, Dirk VERBEKEN

Summary : Energy-intensive industries need to reach climate neutrality by 2050. This study describes the technologies available for the decarbonisation of the iron and steel, chemicals, refining and cement industries as well as the existing financial instruments. Technology and policy roadmaps are presented to help shape the Green Deal and enhance the transition to a climate neutral European industry.

Authors : JSander de BRUYN, Chris JONGSMA, Bettina KAMPMAN, Benjamin GÖRLACH and Jan-Erik THIE

Summary : This study focuses on presenting the technological, impact and regulatory state of play in the EU, as compared to key competitor countries. This study also highlights industrial areas in which AI will bring significant socioeconomic benefits, before presenting a methodology for scrutinising the fitness of the EU policy and regulatory framework in the context of AI.

Authors : James EAGER, Mark WHITTLE, Jan SMIT, Giorgio CACCIAGUERRA, Eugénie LALE-DEMOZ

Summary : While the coordination of cross-border interoperable COVID-19 contact tracing apps is a competence of the European Commission, their development is a national competence. This short briefing summarises the current efforts towards, functionalities of and technical decisions on the development of national COVID-19 apps, with a focus on the ongoing centralised vs. decentralised approach and the interoperability of different apps across Europe. All Member States and the Commission consider the interoperability of the apps and backend servers to be essential for the effective tracing of cross-border infection chains, especially for cross-border workers and neighbouring countries. Ultimately, this effort will support the gradual lifting of border controls within the EU and the restoration of the single market’s integrity.

Authors : MATTEO CIUCCI, Frederic GOUARDERES

Summary : This briefing summarises the recent measures taken by the European Commission on matters within the remit of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy in response to the urgent and ongoing COVID-19 crisis, while referencing relevant parts of the resolution of the European Parliament of 17 April 2020 on EU coordinated action to combat the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences.

Authors : MATTEO CIUCCI, Frederic GOUARDERES

Summary : The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments, including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.

Summary : In its resolution of 17 April 2020, the European Parliament called on the Commission and the Member States to act together and to ensure that the European Union will emerge stronger from the COVID-19 crisis. This newsletter on COVID-19 aims to keep the ECON, EMPL, ENVI, ITRE and IMCO committees updated about the main EU recent developments and responses to the current crisis.

Summary : On 19 February 2020, the EU Commission’s published the white paper 'Artificial Intelligence - A European approach to excellence and trust', together with the report 'The safety and liability aspects of AI' and the communication 'A European strategy for data', as part of a wide package on Artificial Intelligence. This briefing summarizes the main aspects of the white paper on Artificial Intelligence, which is currently undergoing a public consultation process open until 31 May 2020.

Authors : MATTEO CIUCCI, Frederic GOUARDERES

Summary : This study focuses on the role of SMEs in Europe’s long-term industrial strategy. It introduces the recent SMEs and digital strategies, together with the European Green Deal. The author recommends the rigorous application of the Think Small First principle in impact assessments for legislation and policy evaluations, the development of different strategies for different SMEs segments, arguing in favour of an SME policy, which mirrors the digital and green twin transition. This document was provided by Policy Department A at the request of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

Authors : Stephanus Johannes SMIT, Centre for Strategy & Evaluation Services LLP

Summary : This paper summarises the study that analyses the EU’s potential to be a global centre of excellence for research as a driver of its future growth in a complex global science and technology (S&T) landscape, and how EU public resources, most notably its research and innovation Framework Programmes, can contribute to this.

Authors : Reinhilde Veugelers, Michael Baltensperger

Summary : This document is a compilation of all Briefings produced by the Policy Departments of the Directorate-General for Internal Policies and of the Directorate-General for External Policies of the European Parliament, with salient points and essential commitments made by the Vice-Presidents and Commissioners-designates at their respective hearings before the European Parliament, in September-November 2019 and in October 2020. For an exhaustive list of all commitments made and positions taken by the candidates, the full verbatim report of each public hearing is available on the dedicated hearings website of the European Parliament, as are the written questions and answers.

Summary : The commissioner-designate, Kadri Simson, appeared before the European Parliament on 03 October 2019 to answer questions from MEPs’ in the Committees on Industry, Research and Energy. During the hearing, she made a number of commitments which are highlighted in this document. These commitments refer to her portfolio, as described in the mission letter sent to her by Ursula von der Leyen, President-elect of the European Commission, including: - Safe, secure and sustainable energy; - Empowering people and regions.

Authors : Francesca BELTRAME, Frederic GOUARDERES

Summary : The commissioner-designate, Mariya Gabriel, appeared before the European Parliament on 30 September 2019 to answer questions from MEPs’ in the Committees on Industry, Research and Energy and on Culture and Education. During the hearing, Ms Gabriel made a number of commitments which are highlighted in this document. These commitments refer to her portfolio, as described in the mission letter sent to her by Ursula von der Leyen, President-elect of the European Commission, including: - Education, research and innovation; and - Culture, youth and sport.

Authors : Katarzyna Anna ISKRA, Frederic GOUARDERES, PIERRE MARIE HERIARD

Summary : The commissioner-designate, Thierry Breton, appeared before the European Parliament on 14 November 2019 to answer questions put by MEPs from the Committees on Industry, research and energy and Internal market and consumer protection. During the hearing, he made a number of commitments which are highlighted in this document. These commitments refer to his portfolio, as described in the mission letter sent to him by Ursula von der Leyen, President-elect of the European Commission, including: - The digital economy and society; - A future-ready European industry and single market; and - Defence industry and space.

Authors : Mariusz MACIEJEWSKI, Frederic GOUARDERES

Summary : The commissioner-designate, Margrethe Vestager, appeared before the European Parliament on 8 October 2019 to answer questions from MEPs in the Committees on Industry, Research and Energy, Internal Market and Consumer Protection and Economic and Monetary Affairs. During the hearing, she made a number of commitments which are highlighted in this document. These commitments refer to her portfolio, as described in the mission letter sent to her by Ursula von der Leyen, President-elect of the European Commission and include a Europe fit for the digital age and competition.

Authors : Mariusz MACIEJEWSKI, Frederic GOUARDERES, Drazen RAKIC